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  <div class="section" id="debugging-and-profiling">
<h1>27. Debugging and Profiling<a class="headerlink" href="#debugging-and-profiling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>These libraries help you with Python development: the debugger enables you to
step through code, analyze stack frames and set breakpoints etc., and the
profilers run code and give you a detailed breakdown of execution times,
allowing you to identify bottlenecks in your programs.</p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="bdb.html">27.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bdb</span></tt> &#8212; Debugger framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="pdb.html">27.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pdb</span></tt> &#8212; The Python Debugger</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="pdb.html#debugger-commands">27.3. Debugger Commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="profile.html">27.4. The Python Profilers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="profile.html#introduction-to-the-profilers">27.4.1. Introduction to the profilers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="profile.html#instant-user-s-manual">27.4.2. Instant User&#8217;s Manual</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="profile.html#what-is-deterministic-profiling">27.4.3. What Is Deterministic Profiling?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="profile.html#module-pstats">27.4.4. Reference Manual &#8211; <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">profile</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></tt></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="profile.html#the-stats-class">27.4.4.1. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Stats</span></tt> Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="profile.html#limitations">27.4.5. Limitations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="profile.html#calibration">27.4.6. Calibration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="profile.html#extensions-deriving-better-profilers">27.4.7. Extensions &#8212; Deriving Better Profilers</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="hotshot.html">27.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></tt> &#8212; High performance logging profiler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="hotshot.html#profile-objects">27.5.1. Profile Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="hotshot.html#module-hotshot.stats">27.5.2. Using hotshot data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="hotshot.html#example-usage">27.5.3. Example Usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="timeit.html">27.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timeit</span></tt> &#8212; Measure execution time of small code snippets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="timeit.html#command-line-interface">27.6.1. Command Line Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="timeit.html#examples">27.6.2. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="trace.html">27.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> &#8212; Trace or track Python statement execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="trace.html#command-line-usage">27.7.1. Command Line Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="trace.html#programming-interface">27.7.2. Programming Interface</a></li>
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